Balanced equations

Ionic equations

Formulae of compounds and ions

Structure of an atom

s, p, d or f block elements

Radioactive decay

Spectra (emission and absorption)

Energy, frequency and wavelength

Successive ionisation energies and electronic structure

Relative molecular mass

Isotopes

Mass spectrometry

Empirical and molecular formula

Moles and the Avogadro constant

Volume of gases

Ideal gas equation

Concentrations and volumes of solutions

Atom economy

Percentage yields

Percentage uncertainty

Ionic bonding

Covalent and dative covalent bonds

Bond polarity

Van der Waals’ forces

Permanent Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Hydrogen bonds

Shapes of molecules

Bonding and properties

Periodic table

Electronic configuration

Redox reactions

Flame tests

Group 7 (17) the halogens

Chlorine and chlorate

Salt equations

Water of crystallization

Required practical 1 – Make up a volumetric solution and carry out a simple acid–base titration.

The elements of groups 1 and 2

Le Chatelier’s principle and dynamic equilibrium

Kc

pH equations

Required practical 2 – Measurement of an enthalpy change.

Acids and bases

Enthalpy change

Bond enthalpy

Hess’ Law

Required practical 3 – Investigation of how the rate of a reaction changes with temperature.

Collision Theory

Heterogeneous catalysts and homogeneous catalysts

Effect of catalysts on reaction rate

Calorimetry

Required practical 4 – Test for ions.

Effect of temperature on reaction rate

Effect of pressure and concentration on reaction rate

Impacts of chemical synthesis

Types of formula

Naming alkanes

Skeletal formula

Introduction to organic chemistry

Structural isomerism

Reaction mechanisms

Combustion of alkanes

Halogenation of alkanes

Bonding and reactivity

Stereoisomerism

E/Z isomerism

Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules

Addition reactions of alkenes

Addition polymers

Elimination reactions

Nucleophilic substitution

Halogenoalkanes

Depletion of ozone

Required practical 5 – Distillation of a product from a reaction.

Production of alcohols

Alcohols

Reactions with alcohols

Oxidation of alcohols

Carboxylic acids

Required practical 6 – Tests for alcohol, aldehyde, alkene and carboxylic acid.

Time of flight mass spectrometer

Infrared spectroscopy

C NMR

H NMR

Electrode potentials and cells

Electrochemical cells

Required practical 7 – Measure the rate of a reaction by an initial rate method, and a continuous monitoring method.

Required practical 8 – Measuring the EMF of an electrochemical cell.

Redox titrations

Amphoteric behaviour of p-block elements

Group trends and characteristics

Other p-block element compounds

Transition metals

Coloured complex ions

Complex ions

Shapes of complex ions

Ligand exchange

Variable oxidation states of transition metals

Orders of reactions and rate equations

Determination of rate equation

The Arrhenius equation

Required practical 9 – Investigate how pH changes when a weak acid reacts with a strong base and when a strong acid reacts with a weak base.